Wednesday, July 6, 2016

How Britain’s Aristocracy Are Playing the Brexit Thing


ERIC ZUESSE | 06.07.2016 | OPINION

HISTORICAL PRELIMINARY
The European Union, and opposition to Brexit (or to any other exit from it), reflect the opposite of progressive values, but instead are an important part of the strategy owners of international corporations have for taking over governments in order to increase their own profits (and power). (Click here for an accurate brief history of the US CIA’s involvement in setting up the EU. And this 2004 video documentary supplements that, with a focus specifically upon the popular movement in Britain to exit from the EU.)
The «Establishment», or the aristocracy, favors the type of globalization (the EU, mega-‘trade’ deals such as the TTIP, etc.) that has been occurring after World War II. Aristocrats control the international corporations and want them (want themselves) to rule the world – not democracy to rule the world, not the publics, in each country, to rule their countries.
In any country, the aristocracy is the people who own controlling interests in international corporations, and they therefore possess real power in international affairs – such as they will have in the ultimate decision as to whether or not UK will exit EU.
To clarify: The aristocracy isn’t necessarily descended from aristocrats, nor officially proclaimed (knighted, etc.) as ‘aristocrats’, but is instead the real holders of power, the people who make the decisions as to which politicians to fund, and as to which ‘news’ media the given aristocrat’s corporations will fund by means of his or her corporation’s advertising its products and services in that person’s favored media (irrespective of whether the person happens also to invest in or own those media, not only own companies that advertise in them). Aristocrats shape the public opinion that, in a ‘democracy’, determines who rules, and who does not. Though some aristocrats have descended from aristocrats, others are first-generation aristocrats, but all of them hold the real power – both over the politicians, and over the media – unless the given country is an authentic democracy, which few countries actually are.
Britain’s aristocracy are unyielding that UK remain in EU; the reason they won’t yield is that EU represents Europe’s aristocracies, including Britain’s, and it holds the power to override Britain’s unwritten constitution in favor of Britain's aristocracy: EU is good to aristocrats – far better for them than any nation’s Constitution is. They want it.
Consequently, the UK’s aristocracy is determined that Britain will remain inside the European Union.
Here is how they are carrying out this policy:
I have previously explained the reasons «Why There Will Probably Be A Second Referendum On Brexit», including the reasons why a second such referendum will almost certainly fail to meet the standard set for Brexit (British exit from the European Union) to move forward. In other words, Brexit will probably be reversed. The focus of the present article will instead be on the simultaneous operation by the Western – that’s to say, by the US-aristocracy-led – aristocracy (the aristocracies in America’s vassal-nations), to tighten their control over UK politics so that such rebellions won’t happen again; to do this by weakening, or getting rid of, UK politicians who resist the aristocracy, and by replacing those politicians with ones who have proven themselves loyal to the Western aristocracy. That’s the aspect of the aristocracy’s anti-Brexit operation, which will be discussed here – the replacement of Britain’s pro-democracy leaders, by pro-aristocracy leaders: the aristocracy’s using the current political turmoil in Britain so as to cement even more the power that international corporations have over the British government.
THE CAMPAIGN TO GET RID OF JEREMY CORBYN
The populist anti-Tony-Blair leader of today’s British Labour Party, Jeremy Corbyn, calls himself a «democratic socialist», like America’s populist anti-Clinton US Senator Bernie Sanders does; and Corbyn was expected to favor Brexit because on 17 September 2015 he strongly opposed US President Barack Obama’s proposed mega-‘trade’ treaty with Europe, the TTIP (which Sanders likewise opposes). However, instead, on 14 April 2016, Corbyn unexpectedly came out against Brexit, by «declaring himself to be in tune with the rest of his Party, which, as he put it, is ‘overwhelmingly for staying in’», as Britain’s liberal Guardian newspaper reported, going on to note: «The relief [within the Labour Party] was intense because, without Labour voters, the referendum on 23 June is lost».
Corbyn, in other words, reluctantly supported the EU – which wants to sign Obama’s TTIP (which he hates) – because Corbyn didn’t want to go against the majority of Labour Parliamentarians, many of whom are holdovers from the Tony Blair and Gordon Brown era, the era of «George W Bush’s lap dog» Blair (and Brown). Today’s Labour Parliamentarians are still beholden to the US aristocracy, as much as Labour’s nominal opponents the Tories are, and have been, beholden to them ever since World War II.
In other words: the Western aristocracy knows that Corbyn is against them. So, they want him out, and now they are using the Blair/Brown Labourites in order to get rid of him by alleging that Corbyn has been a weak leader, one who wasn’t «giving the leadership we need» in order to keep the UK in the EU. What the US aristocracy (and their vassal UK aristocrats) want more than anything else is to ram through a passage-into-law of Obama’s massive TTIP ‘trade’ treaty, which (like the original of the EU itself did) describes itself as being about ‘trade’ but is instead a transfer of national sovereignty (regarding the environment, workers’ rights, and product safety) to international corporations. By eliminating Corbyn, the aristocrats would win a Britain both of whose major political Parties are, in effect, owned by them.
Promptly when on June 24th the Brexit ‘victory’ was announced, the anti-Brexit Tory Prime Minister David Cameron quit (effective in October) because he had failed to achieve the demand of his masters, to keep Britain inside the EU. But now the supposedly more progressive Party, Labour, is likewise trying to force Corbyn out because he has been failing the very same masters, regarding Brexit. All of this despite the British public’s having actually voted, by 52% to 48%, to exit the EU. A country like this calls itself a ‘democracy’? But Corbyn is a persistent democrat: he refuses to quit. He thinks that there might be enough of a democracy left in the UK so that the real leadership of the country might reflect, at least to some extent, the country’s public.
Here is how much of a dictatorship the EU actually is: John Hilary reported in Britain’s Independent on 12 October 2015:  
«When I asked the [EU’s] trade commissioner [Cecilia Malmström] how she could continue her persistent promotion of the [TTIP] deal in the face of such massive public opposition, her response came back icy cold: «I do not take my mandate from the European people».
So who does Cecilia Malmström take her mandate from? Officially, EU commissioners are supposed to follow the elected governments of Europe. Yet the European Commission is carrying on the TTIP negotiations behind closed doors without the proper involvement [of] European governments, let alone MPs or members of the public. British civil servants have admitted to us that they have been kept in the dark throughout the TTIP talks, and that this makes their job impossible.
In reality, as a new report from War on Want has just revealed, Malmström receives her orders directly from the corporate lobbyists that swarm around Brussels».
Those «corporate lobbyists» are agents of the aristocracy; the EU represents them – not the European public. There is no way that any nation’s staying inside the EU can be authentically democratic. To be in the EU is to be in a dictatorship. Jeremy Corbyn was trying to square the circle in order to avoid his going to war against his own Party’s senior leadership. But now this senior leadership is going to war against him and trying to remove him from the leadership – even though his tepid support of the EU turned out to reflect rather closely the British public’s tepid opposition to the EU. Obviously, the senior leadership in the Labour Party are merely Tories in verbal disguise. Corbyn has a rebellion on his hands – a rebellion from Britain’s ‘Labour’ aristocrats.
In this context, one can understand also such things as the Guardian’s headline on June 21st, «EU to extend sanctions against Russia: Envoys from 28 member states in consensus over punishing Moscow further for annexation of Crimea and presence in Ukraine». It’s what America’s international corporations want. It’s all part of the same package – and so too is NATO.
On June 24th, the Financial Times headlined «Federal Reserve to provide dollar liquidity» and reported that, «In a statement issued hours after the UK voted to leave the EU, the Fed said it was ready to funnel dollars to other central banks via existing swap lines set up during the 2008 financial crisis». In other words, the US aristocracy was pledging assistance to UK aristocrats, to help them weather the storm of their temporary defeat.
By June 26th, America’s National Public Radio bannered, «After Brexit Vote, Labour Leader Faces Open Revolt Inside His Party», and reported that 12 members of Corbyn’s own «shadow cabinet» (people who would become the Prime Minister’s Cabinet if Corbyn were to oust the Conservative government) had resigned in protest at Corbyn’s leadership. «Corbyn is ‘regarded as the most Eurosceptic Labour leader in years,’ as the BBC reported». Neither the American government’s nor the British government’s radio network portrayed in any positive light a politician being «Eurosceptic» – only support of the EU dictatorship was favorably reported (but without mention that the EU is a dictatorship – that fact is never reported by Western propaganda).
Among the mouthpieces of Britain’s liberal aristocracy, all of populism – both left and right – got damned, so that senior leaders of the Labour Party could only have been smiling. Here is George Monbiot’s commentary in the Guardian, on June 28th, under the headline, «Brexit is a disaster, but we can build on the ruins»:
«Yes, the Brexit vote has empowered the most gruesome collection of schemers, misfits, liars, extremists and puppets that British politics has produced in the modern era. It threatens to invoke a new age of demagoguery, a threat sharpened by the thought that if this can happen, so can Donald Trump.
It has provoked a resurgence of racism and an economic crisis whose dimensions remain unknown. It jeopardises the living world, the NHS, peace in Ireland and the rest of the European Union. It promotes what the billionaire Peter Hargreaves gleefully anticipated as ‘fantastic insecurity’».
On Thursday June 30th, Julie Hyland headlined at countercurrents.org, «In Right-Wing Putsch, UK Labour MPs Deliver Overwhelming Anti-Corbyn Vote», and reported:
«Fully 81 percent of the parliamentary Labour Party (PLP) supported Tuesday’s motion of no-confidence in leader Jeremy Corbyn. Just 40 Labour MPs voted against the motion, with 172 in favour. Thirteen did not vote at all and there were four spoilt ballots.
The extraordinary scale of the right-wing coup, which had already seen Corbyn lose most of his shadow cabinet in a series of timed resignations, was intended to force the Labour leader to resign. But in a statement put out moments after the result, Corbyn said that he had been elected ‘by 60 percent of Labour members and supporters’ only last September, and ‘I will not betray them by resigning.’
The no-confidence motion, he said, has ‘no constitutional legitimacy.’
Corbyn is correct in that the motion is non-binding».
The first person proposed as Labour’s replacement for Corbyn was reported there to be a Labour Member of Parliament who had just quit from Corbyn’s «shadow cabinet», Angela Eagle. She had voted consistently for the hardline, George W Bush, Tony Blair, Barack Obama, David Cameron, Hillary Clinton, invade-everywhere, coup-everywhere, position, even to invade Iraq in 2003, and to block a proposal for the government to investigate the decision that had been made to invade Iraq. She «Generally voted for more EU integration». She has been an angel for the aristocracy. Her record also provided to the public the symbolism they needed that she cared about oppressed peoples, such as gays. The idea here would be to replace a Bernie Sanders type by a Hillary Clinton type. But Corbyn wasn’t quitting. And other possible candidates to replace him were also scrambling to win the support of Labour MPs.
CONCLUSION
On the Conservative Party side of things, the aristocracy’s control was more ironclad. Boris Johnson, the (till-then) rising pro-Brexit star in that Party, who had widely been expected to lead his Party into the next elections, suddenly and unexplainably quit on June 30th his Party’s leadership-contest after he found that the Party’s other leaders mysteriously abandoned him and were coalescing around anti-Brexit candidates, including especially one member of his own team.
Such is British ‘democracy’ – namely: less and less, as the aristocracy’s grip is becoming more and more.
And, of course, it’s a global thing, not merely British. For example, on July 2nd, the top of the home page at Huffington Post bannered «THE WEEK BRITAIN CRASHED THE WORLD», as if the «crash» were likely to be permanent instead of overruled, and as if that «crash» were a threat to the public, instead of to the aristocrats themselves. 

"No moment for EU to confront Russia" -. Peter Korzun


 06.07.2016 | WORLD

Brexit Set to Spread Across Europe


As Europe digests the results of Brexit, one thing can be said with certainty – the fears that the devastating blow to European unity could spark a chain reaction of further referendums appear to be justified. Demands for similar referendums are gaining momentum. A survey published on June 27 by the European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR) found that anti-EU political parties are currently calling for a total of 33 popular referendums in the coming year.
On July 1, Czech President Milos Zeman called for a referendum on exiting the European Union and NATO – just a week after the Brexit vote.
The Czech President also called for a referendum on NATO membership.
Dutch campaigners have gathered more than 56,000 signatures on a petition calling for the Netherlands to hold a referendum on whether to leave the EU.
Geert Wilders, the right-wing, anti-immigrant, anti-Brussels Dutch politician, described Great Britain’s vote to leave as «a fantastic result» in an interview with The Times.
According to him, the vote showed that the bloc was far from an inevitable entity. He predicted that others would follow suit. «The Netherlands will be next», he said. «We are no longer building anything, but demolishing and dividing. That’s why we want a referendum to quit the EU», Wilders added.
Sweden, along with Denmark, is Britain’s closest ally when it comes to voting on European policies and staying out of the eurozone.
The nationalist Swedish Democrats immediately welcomed the result of the UK referendum.
«With Brexit, I think the tide has turned. We can see that a larger proportion of the Swedish population are increasingly Eurosceptic and in favor of leaving the European Union», said Mattias Karlsson, who leads the party in the Swedish parliament.  «In the end I think it will be very hard for the establishment to refuse these people a vote», he concluded. The country accepted hundreds of thousands of refugees last year and is facing great problems with their integration. Consequently, Sweden’s far-right has gained momentum in a development that has reminded some of the rise of pro-Brexit UK Independence Party (UKIP) in Britain.
Denmark held a referendum last December, although with a much more limited impact: Danes decided against handing over more powers to the EU. The referendum was needed for Denmark to remain in Europol under the new rules. However, it was rejected by 53 % of voters.
Thulesen Dahls, the leader of the far-right Danish People’s Party, believes that Denmark should now follow Britain’s lead and hold a referendum on its membership. 
According to him, a referendum could give Denmark a new opportunity if the Danish parliament cannot agree on reforms with the EU.
Many Danes fear that more refugee flows could threaten the small nation’s welfare system. Besides, Denmark has so far relied on Britain as a strong ally in negotiations with the EU as both countries have had similar policy stances.
Greek newspaper Kathimerini fears that Brexit could ultimately become a threat to Greece’s EU membership. The Union could be pushing Greece out in order to save cohesion among the remaining members. «It could open the way for a new round of speculation about a possible Grexit», the outlet warns.Peter
Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban is planning to hold a referendum in Hungary on whether the EU should be allowed to resettle refugees despite a lack of consent by national parliaments affected by the decision.
The referendum indirectly questions Brussels’s authority and hurts EU cohesion.
The French are some of the largest Eurosceptics: 61 percent have an unfavorable view of the union. 
France’s Front National (FN) hailed Brexit as a clear boost for Marine Le Pen’s presidential bid next April, as well as a move that gave momentum to the party’s anti-Europe and anti-immigration line. Le Pen has said that if she wins the French presidential election, she will hold an in/out referendum on the country’s membership of the EU within six months. 
A majority of those questioned in Italy want a referendum on their own membership.
Almost half of all Italians would vote to leave the EU if given the opportunity.
Opposition parties are questioning Italy’s loyalty to the bloc, despite the country being one of the founding members of the European project. Italy’s anti-establishment 5-Star movement has now officially called for a referendum on whether to keep the euro. The hardline, right-wing Northern League has hailed the British vote as a triumph for Euroscepticism and called for the issue to be put to a national vote.
In a move that could turn into the next blow to the EU after Britain's exit vote, Austria’s highest court on July 1 ordered a rerun of the country’s presidential election. The landmark decision gives a right-wing candidate, Norbert Hofer, the chance to turn his loss into a win to boost not only his party but also far-right and nationalist movements elsewhere in Europe lobbying for a weaker EU or an outright exit from the bloc. Mr Hofer, who narrowly missed out on winning the Austrian presidential election last month, has said that his country should have a referendum on EU membership if, within a year, Brussels makes any moves towards political «centralization» and fails to refocus on its original role as an economic and trade alliance.
Sampo Terho, the Finns Party parliamentary group leader, calls for an EU referendum to be put at the core of its next general election campaign.
The Eurosceptic Finns Party is a member of the ruling coalition.
Finland has started collecting signatures for a petition demanding to hold a referendum on leaving the European Union.
The petition is authored by Sebastian Tynkkynen, who heads the youth organization of the Finns Party. The politician has proposed to hold the referendum in December 2017. Once the petition is accepted, it will be discussed by parliamentary committees before being put to a vote of MPs.
The European Union, once «whole and free and at peace», has fallen into the grip of a structural crisis of great magnitude. Amid the growing disunity, the EU will find it extremely difficult to speak with one voice on major international problems. The bloc badly needs economic and political stability. With so many discords and unresolved problems, this is hardly the right moment for the EU to confront anybody, especially Russia. The anti-Russia sanctions war is causing a major rift inside the EU, at the time the bloc is facing a daunting pile of problems.
Europe will benefit if the escalation of military tensions with Russia is ended and a dialogue on security issues is restored. After all, Russia and Europe face common challenges, such as international terrorism, political extremism, cybercrime and the threat of technogenic disasters. They need to urgently address the shared security concerns, such as the OSCE development, talks about a new agreement on conventional arms control and confidence building measures in Europe, the establishment of nuclear-weapon-free zones, the fight against terrorism, and migration policy among other things.
This is the wrong time for confrontations and self-inflicting sanctions wars. As internal divisions get deeper, the EU badly needs partners, not opponents.

Tuesday, July 5, 2016

Prinzipien Leibnizschen Denkens aktuell

Vor 370 Jahren wurde Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz geboren. Die Prinzipien seines Denkens sind auch heute noch höchst aktuell Quelle: https://www.jungewelt.de/2016/07-01/050.php

Von Hannes A. Fellner

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (er lebte vom 1. Juli 1646 bis zum 14. November 1716) wurde gegen Ende des Dreißigjährigen Krieges (1618–1648) in eine Familie des Leipziger Bildungsbürgertums geboren. Sein Vater war Jurist und Professor für Moralphilosophie an der Universität Leipzig, der während des verheerenden Krieges unter anderem mit der Wahrung des Buchbestandes der Hochschule betraut war. Bereits im Vorschulalter begann der junge Leibniz mit Hilfe der bestens ausgestatteten väterlichen Bibliothek, sich das Wissen seiner Zeit zu erschließen.
Nach dem Besuch der Leipziger Nikolaischule von 1655 bis 1661 studierte Leibniz Philosophie, Theologie und Recht in Leipzig und Mathematik, Physik und Astronomie in Jena. Er wurde 1662 Baccalaureus, 1664 Magister der Philosophie und 1665 Baccalaureus des Rechts. Er promovierte und habilitierte sich 1666 an der Universität Leipzig in Philosophie. Im Jahr 1667 wurde er an der Universität Altdorf in Nürnberg zum Doktor der Rechte promoviert.
In jener Zeit machte Leibniz, der schon damals – im Alter von 21 Jahren – den Ruf eines angesehenen Gelehrten genoss, Bekanntschaft mit dem kurmainzischen Staatsmann Johann Christian Freiherr von Boyneburg (1622–1672). Dieser war um Frieden zwischen den Religionen ebenso bemüht wie um die Wissenschaften, verfügte über eine umfangreiche Bibliothek und stand mit unzähligen Gelehrten in Kontakt. Boyneburg machte den jungen Magister zu seinem Assistenten, zum Lehrer seines Sohnes und führte ihn am Mainzer Hof ein.

Diplomat und Erfinder

1669 wurde der lutherische Leibniz Rat am kurfürstlichen Oberrevisionsgericht im katholischen Mainz. Nur kurze Zeit später trat er in den Dienst des Mainzer Erzbischofs und Reichserzkanzlers Johann Philipp von Schönborn, der eine maßgebliche Rolle bei den Verhandlungen um den Westfälischen Frieden gespielt hatte. Leibniz wurde Schönborns Berater und war für ihn als Diplomat tätig. Neben seinen politischen Verpflichtungen widmete sich der junge Gelehrte aber nach wie vor Wissenschaft und Technik, entwarf und konstruierte zu dieser Zeit eine bahnbrechende mechanische Rechenmaschine, die in der Lage war, alle vier Grundrechnungsarten auszuführen.
Ab 1672 war der damals 25jährige in diplomatischer Mission in Paris. Dort verkehrte er mit den führenden Köpfen jener Zeit, wozu unter anderen die Philosophen Antoine Arnauld (1612–1694), einer der bedeutendsten Logiker der Philosophiegeschichte, Nicolas Malebranche (1638–1715), ein wichtiger Metaphysiker und Verbreiter der Schriften René Descartes’ (1598–1650), und Christiaan Huygens (1629–1695), der führende Mathematiker und Physiker des 17. Jahrhunderts, zählten. Letzterer wurde Leibniz’ Mentor bei dessen physikalischen und astronomischen Studien, deren Resultat die Entwicklung der Infinitesimalrechnung war – die zur selben Zeit unabhängig und in anderer Form auch Isaac Newton (1642–1726) gelang. Mitte der 1670er Jahre wurde Leibniz Mitglied der erst wenige Jahre zuvor gegründeten französischen und britischen Akademien der Wissenschaften, eine Ehre, die in dieser Epoche nicht vielen Deutschen zuteil wurde.
Im Jahr 1676 erlangte Leibniz eine Stellung als Berater und Bibliothekar beim welfischen Herzog Johann Friedrich von Braunschweig-Lüneburg (1625–1679) in dessen Residenzstadt Hannover. Auf dem Weg zum Antritt seines neuen Postens hielt er sich einige Zeit in den Niederlanden auf, wo er zum geistigen Austausch mit Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723), dem Vater der Mikroskopie, und Baruch de Spinoza (1632–1677), einem der bedeutendsten und radikalsten Philosophen der frühen Neuzeit, zusammenkam.
In Hannover stieg er rasch zum Hofrat des Herzogtums Braunschweig-Lüneburg auf, eine Stelle, die er auch noch unter Ernst August (1629–1689), dem Nachfolger Johann Friedrichs, und dessen Sohn Georg Ludwig (1660–1727) – als Georg I. später König von Großbritannien – bis zu seinem Lebensende bekleiden sollte. So war Leibniz politischer Berater, Diplomat, Historiker, Erfinder und führender Wissenschaftler im Dienste dreier aufeinander folgender Welfenherrscher. Seine Stellung erlangte durch die Erhebung des Herzogs von Braunschweig zum Kurfürsten des Heiligen Römischen Reiches unter Ernst August umso größere Bedeutung.

Chronist und Mathematiker

Zu Beginn der 1680er Jahre beschäftigte sich Leibniz mit der Verbesserung des Bergbaus im Oberharz. Während dieser Zeit gewann er wichtige Einsichten in die Geologie und Paläontologie. Im Jahr 1685 erhielt er von Ernst August den Auftrag, die Geschichte des Geschlechts der Welfen zu schreiben und bereiste zu diesem Zweck für einige Jahre Europa. Wo immer er auch hinkam, nahm er Kontakt zu wichtigen Vertretern von Politik und Wissenschaft auf und tauschte sich mit ihnen aus. In Österreich traf Leibniz mit Kaiser Leopold I. zusammen, um Verbesserungen der habsburgischen Ökonomie und Verwaltung anzuregen. In Italien verkehrte er mit dem Mathematiker, Physiker und Ingenieur Vincenzo Viviani (1622–1703), dem letzten Schüler und Mitarbeiter Galileo Galileis.
Die Geschichte der Welfen führte Leibniz sehr zum Missfallen seiner Auftraggeber nicht in der dafür vorgesehenen Zeit zu Ende. Nur ein Teil seiner umfangreichen Studien kam zum Abschluss. Dies lag auch daran, dass er auf vielen anderen Gebieten publizistisch tätig war. So veröffentlichte er Werke in Mathematik und Philosophie. Das umfangreiche Material, das er für seine Welfenchronik zusammengetragen hatte, ist die erste große Sammlung von staatsrechtlichen Urkunden zur europäischen Geschichte. Auch wenn Leibniz’ gesamte Arbeiten zur Geschichte des Adelsgeschlechts nicht zu seinen Lebzeiten erschienen, sind sie dennoch ein Meilenstein quellenkritischer Edition und markieren den ersten Höhepunkt wissenschaftlicher Historiographie.
Imperalismus morgen
Um die Wende vom 17. zum 18. Jahrhundert verhandelte er mit dem brandenburgischen Kurfürsten Friedrich III., dem späteren König Friedrich I., über die Stiftung einer Gelehrtenanstalt. Am 11. Juli 1700 erfolgte schließlich die Gründung der Königlich-Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, deren erster Präsident Leibniz wurde. Diese wissenschaftliche Institution lebt trotz historischer und politischer Zäsuren in Form der Berlin-Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Leibniz-Sozietät der Wissenschaften zu Berlin bis heute fort. Auch die russische Akademie der Wissenschaften, die der Hofrat der Welfen bei Gesprächen mit Zar Peter dem Großen 1711 in Hannover angeregt hatte, besteht bis heute ebenso wie die österreichische, deren Gründung er bei seinen frühen Aufenthalten am Wiener Hof vorgeschlagen hatte und in seiner Zeit als habsburgischer Hofrat von 1712 bis 1714 voranzutreiben versuchte.
Im Jahre 1708 wurde Leibniz in der führenden wissenschaftlichen Zeitschrift der Royal Society vorgeworfen, die Infinitesimalrechnung von Isaac Newton plagiiert zu haben. Trotz der nach heutigem Kenntnisstand haltlosen Anschuldigung bestätigte eine Kommission der Royal Society, die der Beschuldigte angerufen hatte, den Vorwurf. Aus diesem Grund und da er die versprochene Welfenchronik nicht zu Ende geführt hatte, verbot Georg Ludwig ihm die Anwesenheit bei seiner Krönung zu Georg I. von Großbritannien. Obwohl Leibniz maßgeblich politisch und diplomatisch daran beteiligt war, den Welfen auf den englischen Thron zu bringen, verweigerte ihm der König auch nach seiner Krönung den Aufenthalt am britischen Hof.
In seinen letzten Lebensjahren veröffentlichte der Universalgelehrte seine bekanntesten philosophischen Schriften. Darunter war die Theodizee, die der Frage nach dem Bösen in der Welt und der damit verbundenen Rechtfertigung bzw. Gerechtigkeit Gottes nachging, und die Monadologie, die kurzgefasst seine Metaphysik darstellte.
S 13.jpg
Welt in Bewegung und qualitativ zum Besseren veränderbar (Treppauf in der Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Bibliothek in Hannover)
Am 14. November 1716 starb Leibniz in Hannover. Sein Verhältnis zu Georg I. war dermaßen getrübt, dass weder der englische König selbst, obwohl er zufällig in der Nähe weilte, noch sonst jemand vom Hofe Kurhannovers an seinem Begräbnis teilnahm. Einzig sein Sekretär erwies ihm die letzte Ehre. Es sollte 50 Jahre dauern, bis an seinem Grab auch sein Name angebracht wurde.

Philosoph und Weltverbesserer

Leibniz war der letzte Universalgelehrte, der es vermochte, sich beinahe alle Wissenschaften, die in der frühen Neuzeit aus der Philosophie und Theologie des Mittelalters heraus entstanden waren und selbstständige Gestalt angenommen hatten, anzueignen und auch weiterzuentwickeln. Davon zeugen seine Arbeiten und Erkenntnisse in Mathematik, Geometrie, Physik, Astronomie, Geologie, Geschichts-, Sozial-, Rechts- und Sprachwissenschaft. Stets verfolgte er die Absicht, diese wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse auch zur Anwendung zu bringen. Dies wird durch seine praktisch-technische und seine politische Tätigkeit deutlich.
Theoria cum praxi, diese Einheit war Leibniz’ Grundsatz. Dies bedeutete für ihn nicht nur das Zusammengehen von akademischer Theorie und experimenteller Praxis in der Forschung der empirischen Wissenschaften, sondern auch theoriegeleitetes vernünftiges Handeln in der Welt. Seine Philosophie war der Entwurf eines Weltmodells, einer auf dem Stand seiner Zeit formulierten wissenschaftlichen Weltanschauung, die dem Menschen Orientierung und Anleitung für sein Handeln geben sollte. Sein Weltmodell – auch wenn es epochenbedingt nicht ohne theologische Phrasen und religiöse Untertöne auskommen konnte – ist, wie der marxistische Philosoph Hans Heinz Holz in seinem Lebenswerk gezeigt hat, ein dialektisches (siehe jW-Thema vom 26.2.2014).
Die Welt ist für Leibniz in all ihren Sphären (der Natur, der Gesellschaft und des Denkens) eine lebendige, bewegte, sich entwickelnde Ganzheit von allseitigen Bedingungs- und Wirkungszusammenhängen, eine, wie er formulierte, universelle Harmonie. Sie ist die Gesamtheit der materiellen Verhältnisse, welche die Elemente der Natur und die Menschen in einer Gesellschaft auf verschiedenen Ebenen und in verschiedener Komplexität eingehen. Sie ist auch die Gesamtheit der in ihr durch ihre Bewegung angelegten und sich verwirklichenden Möglichkeiten. So ist die Welt für Leibniz ein Organismus, in welchem jeder Teil mit jedem anderen auf unterschiedliche Art und Weise vermittelt ist. Jede Änderung eines Teils des Organismus hat Auswirkungen auf alle anderen Teile und damit den ganzen Organismus. Jedes Einzelne wird damit durch alle anderen Einzelnen, deren Summe die Welt ist, bestimmt. Mit anderen Worten, jeder einzelne Weltpunkt – Leibniz nennt dies Monade – spiegelt die Welt gemäß dem Wirkungszusammenhang, in welchem er sich befindet, wider.
Das menschliche Bewusstsein ist die höchste Form dieser Widerspiegelung. Der Mensch tritt also der Welt nicht als ganz Anderes, sondern als Teil von ihr entgegen. Damit hat jede seiner Handlungen eine Auswirkung auf die Welt und auch auf ihn selbst. Der Mensch verwirklicht wissend und bewusst, was in der Welt als reale Möglichkeit angelegt ist. Im Erarbeiten und Erkennen seines Weltverhältnisses kommt der Mensch zur Welt- und Selbsterkenntnis und damit zur Freiheit. Hier erweist sich Leibniz’ Weltanschauung als aufklärerisch. Er schreibt: »Die Wurzel der Freiheit liegt in den ursprünglichen Anlagen« des Menschen, worunter er dessen Vernunftbegabung und dessen Gesellschaftlichkeit versteht. Beide sind gleichsam die Widerspiegelungen der universellen Harmonie im Denken und in der Gesellschaft. Aber wie alles in Leibniz’ Weltentwurf – der deshalb von der besten aller Welten spricht, weil diese Welt in Bewegung und qualitativ zum Besseren veränderbar ist – sind Vernunft und Gesellschaft zu Verbesserung fähig und ihrer bedürftig. Eine Welt, die durch Zweckhandlungen verändert werden kann, ist die Welt des gesellschaftlich tätigen und politischen handelnden Menschen. Hier vollzieht sich der Umschlag von Philosophie in Politik. Leibniz steht damit am Anfang einer Entwicklung, an deren Ende Hegel steht, von dem wiederum ausgehend Marx, Engels und Lenin die Überleitung zu einer Philosophie der revolutionären Praxis und zu einer Praxis der revolutionären Philosophie entwerfen.

Wegbereiter und Dialektiker

Auch gesellschaftlich vertrat Leibniz für seine Zeit eine sehr fortschrittliche und zukunftsweisende Maxime, bedenkt man, dass er in der Übergangszeit von Feudalismus und bürgerlicher Gesellschaft lebte: »Was von öffentlichem Nutzen ist, muss getan werden.« Öffentlicher Nutzen steht aber für ihn in einer Wechselwirkung mit dem Nutzen der Individuen in einer Gesellschaft. Nicht nur gilt für diese, »niemandem zu schaden«, sondern gerade »allen zu helfen, damit mehr an öffentlichem Wohl hervorgehe«. Für das gesellschaftlich »ehrenhafte Leben« forderte er: »Gerechtigkeit, das heißt die kluge Sorge für das fremde Wohl«, was verlangt, »dass jeder auch das Wohl des Nächsten fördere«. Und weiter: »Gerechtigkeit ist die recht geordnete Nächstenliebe oder die Tugend, die in der Neigung des Menschen zu seinem Mitmenschen die Vernunft wahrt. [...] Zu loben ist eine Handlung, durch deren Setzung mit aller Wahrscheinlichkeit etwas Gutes in der Gesellschaft herbeigeführt werden wird.« Durch das »Niemandem schaden, allen nützlich sein« könne dann wechselseitig das Wohl des Einzelnen und der ganzen Gesellschaft (»Commune bonum«, das gemeinsame/gesellschaftliche Gute) garantiert werden.
Und so formulierte Leibniz im Sinne des und für das commune bonum einen bildungspolitischen Imperativ: »Man muss dafür sorgen, dass die Menschen klug, mit Tugend begabt, mit einer Fülle von Vermögen ausgestattet sind, damit sie das Beste wissen, wollen und tun können, das Schlechte aber weder zu denken noch zu wollen noch zu tun vermögen.« Geschichtsphilosophisch ist dies nichts anderes als die »Erziehung des Menschengeschlechts« (Lessing) im Sinne der Aufklärung. Damit ist Leibniz einer ihrer Wegbereiter. Seine Besonderheit ist darin zu sehen, dass er ein Konzept zur vernunftmäßigen Verbesserung des Menschen und seiner Gesellschaft auf der Grundlage einer wissenschaftlich-philosophischen Hypothese entwickelte, die, zwar in sich geschlossen, aufgrund ihrer dialektischen Struktur ein offenes System bildet. Dies bedeutet, dass dessen Bewegungsformen Übergang zu Neuem, das Entstehen und die Verwirklichung von darin angelegten Möglichkeiten zulassen, in Gang setzen und in Bewegung halten. Das macht den Frühaufklärer zu einem der bedeutendsten Vertreter der dialektischen Philosophie auf dem Wege zu Hegel und darüber hinaus zum Marxismus.
Wohl nicht zufällig entwickelte Leibniz denn auch gesellschaftspolitisch frühsozialistische Tendenzen, die seinerzeit entsprechend utopisch, aber nichtsdestoweniger bemerkenswert sind, und die so gar nicht zu einem »Fürstenknecht« – als den ihn der revolutionäre Sozialdemokrat Franz Mehring verächtlich bezeichnet hatte – passen mögen: »Wenn die Menschen schon genug Weisheit und Liebe hätten, und die Staaten so geordnet werden könnten wie gewisse Religionsgemeinschaften, dass nämlich alle an der Macht und an der Sorge für den Staat teilhätten, den einzelnen aber das Maß der Arbeit gleich dem des Lohnes und der Bedürfnisse (Begierden) gegeben würde, brauchte nichts anderes in der Rechtswissenschaft betrachtet zu werden als die Verteilung, das heißt, dass jedem jene Arbeiten zugeteilt werden, in denen er sich mit der mindesten Mühe die größten Dinge leistet, und dass er jeweils durch Belohnungen angetrieben werde, durch die ihm am meisten gedient werden kann.«
Hier werden die Konturen einer gerechte Verteilung in einer klassenlosen Gesellschaft gezeichnet, wie sie Marx ganz ähnlich in der Kritik des Gothaer Programms skizziert hatte: »In einer höheren Phase der kommunistischen Gesellschaft, nachdem die knechtende Unterordnung der Individuen unter die Teilung der Arbeit, damit auch der Gegensatz geistiger und körperlicher Arbeit verschwunden ist; nachdem die Arbeit nicht nur Mittel zum Leben, sondern selbst das erste Lebensbedürfnis geworden; nachdem mit der allseitigen Entwicklung der Individuen auch ihre Produktivkräfte gewachsen und alle Springquellen des genossenschaftlichen Reichtums voller fließen – erst dann kann der enge bürgerliche Rechtshorizont ganz überschritten werden und die Gesellschaft auf ihre Fahne schreiben: Jeder nach seinen Fähigkeiten, jedem nach seinen Bedürfnissen!«
Die aktuelle Bedeutung von Leibniz geht also über historisches Interesse und Philosophiegeschichte hinaus. Sie besteht in der Tatsache, dass er auf Grundlage des Wissenschaftsstands seiner Zeit ein dialektisches Weltmodell entwarf, das es dem Menschen ermöglichen sollte, sich zu orientieren, das dessen individuelles und gesellschaftliches Handeln leiten sollte – mit bisweilen zumindest theoretisch revolutionären Konsequenzen.
Es war Hans Heinz Holz, der das Denken Leibniz’ für eine dialektisch-materialistische Weltanschauung auf wissenschaftlicher Grundlage, eine »Wissenschaft des Gesamtzusammenhangs«, welche der dialektische Materialismus nach Engels sein sollte, fruchtbar machte. Mit Holz kann Leibniz zu den Quellen und Bestandteilen des Marxismus – wie Lenin in bezug auf die klassische deutsche Philosophie festhielt – gezählt werden. Eine Beschäftigung mit diesem Teil des marxistischen Erbes ist nicht nur an Gedenktagen äußerst lohnend.

BREXIT: Follow-Up?: US Asks Russia to Cooperate in Syria, New Possibilities on the Horizon


PETER KORZUN | 04.07.2016 |
Amidst the growing tension, Washington has come out with a groundbreaking proposal that could lead to greater cooperation with Moscow in Syria – one of the biggest shifts in strategy since the start of the Syrian conflict.
This is a major US diplomatic effort to contain the crisis in Syria after peace talks in Geneva failed.
The United States transmitted the text of the proposed agreement to the Russian government on June 27 after weeks of negotiations and internal Obama administration deliberations.
The crux of the deal is a US promise to join forces with the Russian Aerospace Forces to share targeting and coordinate an expanded bombing campaign against Jabhat al-Nusra, the al-Qaeda’s branch in Syria, which is primarily fighting the government of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad.
The plan would require «moderate» opposition forces to disentangle themselves from the al-Nusra group and move into identifiable areas where they would not be vulnerable to government and Russian air attacks. It isn’t clear to what degree the US would begin to provide any detailed targeting information to Moscow. Under the proposal, the United States would specify geographic zones to be excluded from the target list.
The offer would expand cooperation beyond the «deconfliction» talks the US and Russian militaries launched last year. Russia and the United States, while backing opposing sides in Syria’s civil war, co-chair an international task force that agreed early this year – along with Assad and the opposition – to support a «cessation of hostilities» and begin negotiations for a political solution that would allow the international community to turn its full attention to the fight against the Islamic State.
The Russian government has yet to respond to Obama’s proposal. Deputy Foreign Minister Sergei Ryabkov said, Moscow will study the proposal attentively. There will be many details to be discussed. No doubt, the foreign and defense chiefs of both countries will have a lot of work to do. If agreed on, the plan will make Russian and American militaries cooperate at an unprecedented level. As a result, the strategic landscape in Syria is set to shift significantly.
Russia has many times called on the United States to cooperate on Syria’s conflict since the start of the Russian counter-terrorist aerial campaign in September. For instance, on May 20, Russia proposed joint airstrikes with the US-led coalition in Syria against the al-Qaeda-linked al-Nusra Front group and other factions, as well as against convoys of arms and fighters crossing the Syrian-Turkish border.
The US rejected this offer. Now it has to do an about-face. As CIA Director John Brennan said on June 27 in remarks at the Council on Foreign Relations «There’s going to be no way forward on the political front without active Russian cooperation and genuine Russian interest in moving forward».
The Obama administration is understandably trying to find some creative way to salvage its Syria policy in its final months before a new team takes its place in January, 2017. The announcement of the United States policy shift comes at the time a new meeting of Russia-NATO Council has been agreed on upon the initiative of US-led NATO. The news was made public by French Foreign Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault after he held talks with Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov in Paris on June 29. The Council’s meeting is the right place for the two great powers to address burning security issues.
With little time left for the Obama administration, the next US President will carry the burden of making military decisions. In his address to Russian ambassadors gathered in Moscow from across the world on June 30, President Vladimir Putin said that he was «prepared to work with any future President» and was interested in closer cooperation with the United States in international affairs. «However, we consider unacceptable the approach on the part of the American establishment, which believes that they can decide in what issues they will cooperate with us», the President added.
It’s well-known that the US-Russian relations are at a low ebb. The political stocks are at their historic lows since the most dramatic moments of the US-Soviet confrontation half a century ago. It occurs at the time Russia and the United States confront the multitude of very urgent problems – from international terrorism and climate change, to global migration management and United Nations reforms. This is the time the great powers should engage in a dialogue to focus on the emerging challenges of the twenty-first century, setting aside the problems that divide them. Although slowly, the American government starts to realize that no major international problem can be solved without Russia. The latest initiative on Syria confirms this fact. There are a number of fundamental disagreements between Russia and the US on how the world should be managed and what the future global order should be like. It’s impossible to ignore the deep gap in perceptions, but the leaders of the Russian Federation and the US have a special responsibility to confront and contain the present global destabilization, as well as to build a new system of international relations. There is no plausible excuse for not trying to work together wherever possible. After Ukraine’s crisis broke out, Russia and the US did cooperate on a number of critically important international problems. The Iranian deal became possible to a large extent due to their consorted efforts. The elimination of the Syrian chemical arsenal was completed primarily through their joint actions. A joint effort to achieve progress in Syria would be a great accomplishment and a major step ahead to a safer world.

How Does Corporate Media Manufactures False Narratives?


By Nauman Sadiq . He is an Islamabad-based attorney, columnist and geopolitical analyst focused on the politics of Af-Pak and MENA regions, neocolonialism and Petroimperialism

EDITOR'S CHOICE | 05.07.2016
What bothers me is not that we are unable to find the solution to our problems, what bothers me more is the fact that neoliberals are so utterly unaware of the real structural issues that their attempts to sort out the tangential issues will further exacerbate the main issues. Religious extremism, militancy and terrorism are not the cause but the effect of poverty, backwardness and disenfranchisement.
Empirically speaking, if we take all the other aggravating factors out: like poverty, backwardness, illiteracy, social injustice, disenfranchisement, conflict, instability, deliberate training and arming of certain militant groups by the regional and global players, and more importantly grievances against the duplicitous Western foreign policy, I don’t think that Islamic State, al-Qaeda and the likes would get the abundant supply of foot soldiers that they are getting now in the troubled regions of Middle East, North Africa and South Asia.
Moreover, I do concede that the rallying cry of “Jihad in the way of God” might have been one reason for the abundant supply of foot soldiers to the jihadists’ cause, but on an emotional level it is the self-serving and hypocritical Western interventionist policy in the energy-rich Middle East that adds fuel to the fire. When Muslims all over the Islamic countries see that their brothers-in-faith are dying in Palestine, Syria, Iraq, Libya, Yemen and Afghanistan, on an emotional level they feel outraged and seek vengeance and justice.
This emotional outrage, in my opinion, is a far more potent factor than the sterile rational argument of God’s supposed command to fight holy wars against the infidels. If we take all the other contributing factors, that I have mentioned in the second paragraph out of the equation, I don’t think that Muslims are some “exceptional” variety of human beings who are hell-bent on killing the heretics all over the world.
Notwithstanding, it’s very easy to distinguish between the victims of structural injustices and the beneficiaries of the existing neocolonial economic order all over the world. But instead of using words that can be interpreted subjectively I’ll let the figures do the talking. Pakistan’s total GDP is only $270 billion and with a population of 200 million it amounts to a per capita income of only $1400. While the US’ GDP is $18 trillion and per capita income is in excess of $50,000. Similarly the per capita income of most countries in the Western Europe is also around $40,000. That’s a difference of 40 to 50 TIMES between the incomes of Third World countries and the beneficiaries of neocolonialism, i.e. the Western powers.
Only the defense budget of the Pentagon is $600 billion, which is three times the size of Pakistan’s total GDP. A single multi-national corporation based in the Wall Street and other financial districts of the Western world owns assets in excess of $200 billion which is more than the total GDP of many developing economies. Examples of such business conglomerates are: Investment banks – JP Morgan, Goldman Sachs, Barclays, HSBC, BNP Paribas; Oil majors – Exxon Mobil, Chevron, BP, RDS, Total, Vitol; Manufacturers – Apple, Microsoft and Google.
On top of that, semi-legit wealth from all over the world flows into the Western commercial and investment banks: last year there was a report that the Russian oligarchs have deposited $800 billion in the Western banks, while the Chinese entrepreneurs have deposited $1.5 trillion in the Western financial institutions.
Moreover, in April this year the Saudi finance minister threatened that the Saudi kingdom would sell up to $750 billion in Treasury securities and other assets if Congress passed a bill that would allow the Saudi government to be held responsible for any role in the September 11, 2001 terror attacks. And $750 billion is only the Saudi investment in the US, if we add up Saudi investment in Western Europe, and the investments of UAE, Kuwait and Qatar in the Western economies, the sum total would amount to trillions of dollars of Gulf’s investment in the US and Western Europe.
The first and foremost priority of the Western powers is to save their Corporate Empire, and especially their financial institutions, from collapsing; everything else like eliminating terrorism, promoting democracy and “responsibility to protect” are merely arranged side shows to justify their interventionist foreign policy, especially in the energy-rich Middle East.
Additionally, the irony is that the neoliberal dupes of the mainstream media justify and validate the unfair practices of the neocolonial powers and hold the victims of structural injustices responsible for their misfortunes. If a Third World’s laborer has been forced to live on less than $5 a day and a corporate executive sits in the Wall Street on top of $18 trillion business empire, neoliberals are okay with this travesty.
However, we need to understand that how does a neoliberal mindset is structured? As we know that mass education programs and mass media engender mass ideologies. We like to believe that we are free to think, but we aren’t. Our narratives aren’t really “our” narratives. These narratives of injustice and inequality have been constructed for the public consumption by the corporate media, which is nothing more than the mouthpiece of the Western political establishments and the business interests.
Media is our eyes and ears through which we get all the inputs and it is also our brain through which we interpret raw data. If media keeps mum over some vital structural injustices and blows out of proportion some isolated incidents of injustice and violence, we are likely to forget all about the former and focus all of our energies on the tangential issues which the media portrays as the “real” ones.
Monopoly capitalism and the global neocolonial economic order are the real issues while Islamic radicalism and terrorism are the secondary issues and itself an adverse reaction to the former. That’s how the mainstream media constructs artificial narratives and dupes its audience into believing the absurd: during the Cold War it created the “Red Scare” and told us that communism is an existential threat to the free world and the Western way of life. We bought this narrative.
Then the West and its Saudi and Pakistani collaborators financed, trained and armed the Afghan so-called “freedom fighters” and used them as their proxies against the Soviets. After the collapse of the Soviet Union they declared the former “freedom fighters” to be terrorists and another existential threat to the “free world” and the Western way of life. We again bought this narrative.
And finally, during the Libyan and Syrian proxy wars the former terrorists once again became freedom fighters – albeit in a more nuanced manner, this time around the corporate media sells them as “moderate rebels.” And the lobotomized neoliberal audience of the mainstream media is once again willing to buy this narrative, how ironic?
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